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      唐彦谦《垂柳》鉴赏
      发布日期:2020-04-19
        垂 柳
      唐彦谦
      绊惹春风别有情, 世间谁敢斗轻盈?
      楚王江畔无端种, 饿损纤腰学不成。
      这首诗咏垂柳,既没有精工细刻柳的枝叶外貌,也没有点染柳的色泽光彩,但体态轻盈、翩翩起舞、风姿秀出的垂柳,却栩栩如生,现于毫端。它不仅维妙维肖地写活了客观外物之柳,又含蓄蕴藉地寄托了诗人愤世嫉俗之情,是一首韵味很浓的咏物诗。
      “绊惹春风别有情”,起句突兀不凡。撇开垂柳的外貌不写,径直从动态中写其性格、情韵。“绊惹”,撩逗的意思。象调皮的姑娘那样,在春光明媚、芳草如茵、江水泛碧的季节,垂柳绊惹着春风,时而鬓云欲度,时而起舞弄影,真是婀娜多姿,别具柔情。柳枝的摇曳,本是春风轻拂的结果,可诗人偏不老实道来,而要说是垂柳有意在撩逗着春风。“绊惹”二字,把垂柳写活了,真是出神入化之笔。明杨慎《升庵诗话》举了唐宋诗中用“惹”字的四例:“杨花惹暮春”,“古竹老稍惹碧云”(李贺),“暖香惹梦鸳鸯锦”(温庭筠),“六宫眉黛惹春愁”(孙光宪),说它们“皆绝妙”。其实,唐彦谦的“绊惹”,列入“绝妙”之中,当亦毫无愧色。
      第二句,“世间谁敢斗轻盈?”把垂柳写得形态毕肖。“轻盈”,形容体态苗条。这里,垂柳暗以体态轻盈的美人燕自喻,是紧承上句,以垂柳自夸的口气写出其纤柔飘逸之美。“谁敢斗轻盈”问得极妙,这一问,从反面肯定了垂柳的美是无与伦比的;这一问,也显出了垂柳恃美而骄的神情。
      诗人极写垂柳美,自有一番心意。后二句“楚王江畔无端种,饿损纤腰学不成”,笔锋一转,另辟蹊径,联想到楚灵王“爱细腰,宫女多饿死”的故事,巧妙地抒发了诗人托物寄兴的情怀。
      “江”,可以理解为长安附近的曲江。《中朝故事》载:唐代曲江江畔多柳,号称“柳衙”。“楚王”,楚灵王,也暗指现实中的“王”。此二句是说,婆娑于江畔的垂柳,本是无心所插,却害得楚王宫中的嫔妃们为使腰支也象垂柳般纤细轻盈,连饭也不敢吃,而白白饿死。诗人并不在发思古之幽情,而是有感而发。试想当时晚唐朝政腐败,大臣竞相以善于窥测皇帝意向为能,极尽逢合谄媚之能事。这种邀宠取媚的伎俩不也很象“饿损纤腰”的楚王宫女吗?“楚王江畔无端种”,“无端”二字意味深长,江畔种柳,对楚王来说,也许是随意为之,而在争宠斗艳的宫女们心目中却成了了不起的大事,她们自以为揣摩到楚王爱细腰的意向了,而竞相束腰以至于饿饭、饿死……。诗人言在此,而意在彼,这是多么含蓄而深刻呵。
      比唐彦谦稍早的诗人曹邺,他在《捕鱼谣》中写道:“天子好征战,百姓不种桑;天子好年少,无人荐冯唐;天子好美女,夫妇不成双”,矛头直指皇帝及其为首的封建官僚集团,真是直陈时弊,淋漓痛快。《垂柳》所讽刺的对象,同《捕鱼谣》一样,但他采取了迂回曲折、托物寄兴的手法,“用事隐僻,讽喻悠远”(《升庵诗话》),于柔情中见犀利,于含蓄中露锋芒,二者可谓殊途同归,各尽其妙。
      写法上,唐彦谦旨在写意,重在神似,他虽无意对垂柳进行工笔刻画,但垂柳的妩媚多姿,别有情韵,却无不写得逼似,给人以艺术美的享受。《增补诗话总龟》引《吕氏童蒙训》谓:“咏物诗不待分明说尽,只仿佛形容,便见妙处。”《垂柳》的妙处,正是这样。
      杨慎在评论唐彦谦《垂柳》时说:“咏柳而贬美人,咏美人而贬柳,唐人所谓尊题格也”。(《升庵诗话》)可惜这个评论只说对了表面现象,他只在“尊题格”上做文章,而未能看出诗人“咏柳而贬美人”的实质。



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      8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000304s ]
      9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000296s ]
      10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000306s ]
      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000273s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000284s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000345s ]
      14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000224s ]
      15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000469s ]
      16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12318 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000354s ]
      17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000361s ]
      18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000287s ]
      19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 430 WHERE `id` = 12318 [ RunTime:0.001630s ]
      20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000496s ]
      21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000345s ]
      0.085039s