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清晖能娱人,游子憺忘归。
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-18 点击数:181
  南朝诗人谢灵运的《石壁精舍还湖中作》
昏旦变气候,山水含清晖。
清晖能娱人,游子憺忘归。
出谷日尚早,入舟阳已微。
林壑敛暝色,云霞收夕霏。
芰荷迭映蔚,蒲稗相因依。
披拂趋南径,愉悦偃东扉。
虑澹物自轻,意惬理无违。
寄言摄生客,试用此道推。
赏析
公元423年秋天,谢灵运托病辞去永嘉(治所在今浙江温州)太守职务,回到故乡会稽始宁(今浙江上虞)的庄园里。这里曾是他族曾祖谢安高卧之地,又是他祖父谢玄最初经营的庄园,规模宏大,包括南北二山,祖宅在南山。谢灵运辞官回家后,又在北山别营居宅。石壁精舍就是他在北山营立的一处书斋。精舍,即儒者授生徒之处,后人亦称佛舍为精舍。湖,指巫湖,在南北二山之间,是两山往返的唯一水道。此古诗文网当作于公元424-426年(元嘉元年至三年)之间。
起首二句即对偶精工而又极为凝炼,从大处、虚处勾勒山光水色之秀美。山间从清晨的林雾笼罩,到日出之后雾散云开,再到黄昏时暝色聚合,一天之内不仅气候冷暖多变,而且峰峦林泉、青山绿水在艳丽的红日光辉照耀下亦五彩缤纷,明暗深浅,绚烂多姿,变态百出,使人目不暇接,赏心悦目。“昏旦”、“气候”,从时间纵向上概括了一天的观览历程;“山水”、“清晖”,则从空间横向上包举了天地自然的立体全景。而分别着一“变”字、“含”字,则气候景象之变态出奇,山光水色之孕大含深,均给读者留下了遐思逸想。两句看似平常,却蕴含博大丰富。
“清晖”二句,用顶真手法蝉联而出,承接自然。虽由《楚辞·九歌·东君》中“羌声色兮娱人,观者憺兮忘归”句化出,但用在此处,却十分自然妥帖,完全是诗人特定情境中兴会淋漓的真实感受,明人胡应麟云:“灵运诸佳句,多出深思苦索,如‘清晖能娱人’之类,虽非锻炼而成,要皆真积所致。”(《诗薮·外编》)即指出了诗人并非故意效法前人,而是将由素养中得来的前人的成功经验,在艺术实践中触景而产生灵感,从而自然地或无意识地融化到自己的艺术构思之中。“娱人”,使人快乐;“憺”,安然貌。不说诗人留恋山水,乐而忘返,反说山水娱人,仿佛山水清晖也解人意,主动挽留诗人。所谓“以我观物,故物皆著我之色彩。”(《人间词话》)
“出谷”二句承上启下:走出山谷时天色还早,及至进入巫湖船上,日光已经昏暗了。这两句一则点明游览是一整天,与首句“昏旦”呼应;同时又暗中为下文写傍晚湖景作好过渡。
以上六句为第一层,总写一天游石壁的观感,是虚写、略写。“林壑”以下六句,则实写、详写湖中晚景:傍晚,林峦山壑之中,夜幕渐渐收拢聚合;天空中飞云流霞的余氛,正迅速向天边凝聚。湖水中,那田田荷叶,重叠葳蕤,碧绿的叶子抹上了一层夕阳的余辉,又投下森森的阴影,明暗交错,相互照映;那丛丛菖蒲,株株稗草,在船桨剪开的波光中摇曳动荡,左偏右伏,互相依倚。这四句从林峦沟壑写到天边云霞,从满湖的芰荷写到船边的蒲稗,描绘出一幅天光湖色辉映的湖上晚归图,进一步渲染出清晖娱人、游子憺然的意兴。这一段的写法,不仅路线贯穿、井然有序,而且笔触细腻、精雕细琢,毫发毕肖。在取景上,远近参差,视角多变,构图立体感、动态感强;在句法上,两两对偶,工巧精美。这一切,都体现出谢诗“情必极貌以写物,辞必穷力而追新”的特点。虽系匠心锻炼,却又归于自然。
“披拂”二句,写其舍舟陆行,拨开路边草木,向南山路径趋进;到家后轻松愉快地偃息东轩,而内心的愉悦和激动仍未平静。这一“趋”一“偃”,不仅点明上岸到家的过程,而且极带感情色彩:天晚赶忙归家,情在必“趋”;一天游览疲劳,到家必“偃”(卧息)。可谓炼字极工。
末尾四句总上两层,写游后悟出的玄理。诗人领悟出:一个人只要思虑淡泊,那么对于名利得失,穷达荣辱这类身外之物自然就看得轻了;只要自己心里常常感到惬意满足,就觉得自己的心性不会违背宇宙万物的至理常道,一切皆可顺情适性,随遇而安。诗人兴奋之余,竟想把这番领悟出的人生真谛,赠予那些讲究养生(摄生)之道的人们,让他们不妨试用这种道理去作推求探索。这种因仕途屡遭挫折、政治失意,而又不以名利得失为怀的豁达胸襟,在那政局混乱、险象丛生、名士动辄被杀、争权夺利剧烈的晋宋时代,既有远祸全身的因素,也有志行高洁的一面。而这种随情适性、“虑澹物轻”的养生方法,比起魏晋六朝盛行的服药炼丹、追慕神仙以求长生的那种“摄生客”的虚妄态度,无疑也要理智、高明得多。因而不能因其源于老庄思想,或以其有玄言的色彩,便不加分析地予以否定。何况在艺术结构上,这四句议论也并未游离于前面的抒情写景之外,而是一脉相承的,如箭在弦上,势在必发。
此篇除了具有刘勰所指出的那些宋初诗歌的普遍特征之外,还具有两个明显的个性特点:一是结构绵密,紧扣题中一个“还”字,写一天的行踪,从石壁——湖中——家中,次第井然。但重点工笔描绘的是傍晚湖景,因而前面几句只从总体上虚写感受。尽管时空跨度很大,但因虚实详略得宜,故毫无流水帐的累赘之感。三个层次交关之处,两次暗透时空线索。如“出谷”收束题目前半,“入舟”引出题目后半“还湖中”;“南径”明点舍舟陆行,“东扉”暗示到家歇息,并引出“偃”中所悟之理。针线细密,承转自然。其次,全诗融情、景、理于一炉,前两层虽是写景,但皆能寓情于景,景中含情。像“清晖”、“林壑”、“蒲稗”这些自然景物皆写得脉脉含情,似有人性,与诗人灵犀相通:而诗人一腔“愉悦”之情,亦洋溢跳荡在这些景物所组成的意象之中。正如王夫之所评:“谢诗……情不虚情,情皆可景;景非滞景,景总含情。”(《古诗评选》)结尾议论,正是“愉悦”之情的理性升华,仿佛水到渠成,势所必然。前人赞其“舒情缀景,畅达理旨,三者兼长,洵堪睥睨一世。”(黄子云《野鸿诗的》)信非溢美。全诗充满了明朗奔放的喜悦情调,确如“东海扬帆,风日流丽。”(《敖陶孙诗评》)难怪连大诗人李白也喜欢引用此诗佳句:“故人赠我我不违,著令山水含清晖。顿惊谢康乐,诗兴生我衣。襟前林壑敛瞑色,袖上云霞收夕霏。”(《酬殷明佐见赠五云裘歌》)即此亦可见其影响之一斑。
 



有才子曰:诗词赏析:清晖能娱人,游子憺忘归。

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  120. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/builder/Mysql.php ( 16.58 KB )
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  125. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/TimeFieldQuery.php ( 7.43 KB )
  126. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/AggregateQuery.php ( 3.26 KB )
  127. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ModelRelationQuery.php ( 20.07 KB )
  128. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ParamsBind.php ( 3.66 KB )
  129. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ResultOperation.php ( 7.01 KB )
  130. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/WhereQuery.php ( 19.37 KB )
  131. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/JoinAndViewQuery.php ( 7.11 KB )
  132. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/TableFieldInfo.php ( 2.63 KB )
  133. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/Transaction.php ( 2.77 KB )
  134. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/driver/File.php ( 5.96 KB )
  135. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001135s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.001422s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001119s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.001355s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001066s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.001224s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001022s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000862s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000965s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000747s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001006s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000791s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.001099s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000808s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.001178s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 9670 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000815s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.001247s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000929s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 182 WHERE `id` = 9670 [ RunTime:0.002455s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000732s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000798s ]
0.154678s