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陶渊明《挽歌》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-18 点击数:197
  【挽歌】

  陶渊明

  其一

  有生必有死,早终非命促。

  昨暮同为人,今旦在鬼录。

  魂气散何之?枯形寄空木。

  娇儿索父啼,良友抚我哭。

  得失不复知,是非安能觉!

  千秋万岁后,谁知荣与辱。

  但恨在世时,饮酒不得足。

  其二

  昔在无酒饮,今但湛空觞。

  春醪生浮蚁,何时更能尝。

  肴案盈我前,亲旧哭我傍。

  欲语口无音,欲视眼无光。

  昔在高堂寝,今宿荒草乡。

  一朝出门去,归来夜未央。

  其三

  荒草何茫茫,白杨亦萧萧。

  严霜九月中,送我出远郊。

  四面无人居,高坟正嶣峣。

  马为仰天鸣,风为自萧条。

  幽室一已闭,千年不复朝。

  千年不复朝,贤达无奈何!

  向来相送人,各自还其家。

  亲戚或馀悲,他人亦已歌。

  死去何所道,托体同山阿。

  【注释】

  嶕峣:很高的样子。

  幽室:指坟穴。

  向来:刚才。

  亲戚:有血缘关系的亲人。

  或余悲:也许有些人还有悲伤。

  亦已歌:也开始唱歌了。

  何所道:有什么可说的呢?

  山阿:山陵。

  【赏析】

  1、这是诗人在死前两个月,即元嘉四年(427)秋九月为自己写的挽歌。

  全诗共18句,可分为五个层次。除最后两句单独为一层外,其余每四句为一层。前四层分别描写了死亡、出殡的季节、时间,坟地环境、气氛,下葬及与世人永别,安葬后送葬人回家及他们的哀伤。最后两句总结全诗,表达了对死的看法。诗按事件发展的先后顺序写出死后安葬的全过程,从中可见诗人面对死亡无忧无惧、处之泰然的人生态度,并无凄凉、黯淡的情调,与一般挽歌哀伤的情调截然不同。这一方面是因为“挽” 的是自己,而不是亲属、朋友;另一方面是因为诗人要表达对死的看法,“挽”,仅仅是诗人抒发思想情感所借助的一种形式而已。《记念刘和珍君》一文引用的四句诗按意思应分属两个层次,前两句与“向来相送人,各自还其家”为一个层次。“亲戚”“他人”均属“向来相送人”,即给诗人送葬的人们。“他人”,即诗中的“贤达”,指诗人生前好友。“亦”,也,语气副词。“已”,已经,时间副词,用法同“幽室一已闭”中的“已”。这两句的意思是,亲人们有的余哀未尽,别的人也已经唱过挽歌了。两句表达的是一个意思,即“亲戚”“他人”都因诗人的死而悲哀过。“千年不复朝,贤达无奈何” 二句就通过想象写出诗人死后,那些与诗人志趣相投,经常往来酬唱的挚友的惋惜、哀叹之情。因此,这两句诗的真正含义应该是:亲人们在安葬死者时十分悲哀,有的还要悲痛一些日子;友人们在祭奠亡友时,颂读祭文、咏唱挽歌也哀伤过;这,也就够了,一个死者还期望什么呢?换一个角度说,作为活着的人也只有对死者哀悼、思念罢了,又能做些什么呢?所以接下来诗人作结道:“死去何所道,托体同山阿。”这两句是全诗主旨所在,表达诗人对死亡的看法,一种看透人生的清醒和淡泊、脱俗的态度。 鲁迅先生的引用,其正意在前两句。文章第6节第2段,语意承上段一转,指出革命者的牺牲毕竟产生了一定的影响,人们将会永远纪念她们。接着便引用了这四句诗,并在结尾写道:“倘能如此,这也就够了。”意思是,倘若我们这些活着的人能永远纪念死者,记住这惨痛的教训,那么,烈土们的鲜血就不会是白流的了。诚然,鲁迅先生在引用时赋予了它新的内容和积极的含义,与陶潜原诗相比,其境界就高出甚多了。

  2、元嘉四年九月,即陶渊明《自祭文》中所言“岁惟丁卯律中无射”之时,靖节先生作挽歌诗三首,其意应同《自祭文》,算是为自己作的挽歌。

  此中分别至为重要,自己真正要面临死亡时的感慨与虚想死亡的游戏之作区别远为明显。曾端伯(曾慥)曰:“秦少游将亡效渊明自作哀挽。”王平甫 (王安国)亦云“九月清霜送陶令”。前贤所言于此,证据确凿,似无可争论者。靖节先生六十余载人生悠悠,弥留之际心情自非后生小辈如我所能窥测。然此诗秉承了先生一贯的清淡与洒脱,所谓“未知生,焉知死”,遂决意将此诗看做先生一生归隐田园之余波,并糅合我自身之经历,以我之眼解诗。算是我眼中的赏析。此种做法,非独不敢妄自尊大之意,且实是能力不及办此,籍以托辞耳。

  诗前半至“贤达无奈何!”气氛苍凉萧索,远不同于其后半部分的达观洒脱。而三首挽歌诗前二首亦无此中苍凉之感慨。多是“有生必有死,早终非命促”,“但恨在世时,饮酒不得足”,“一朝出门去,归来夜未央”之类一死生,齐寿夭之思想。以一字概括之,当为“悲”。淡去功业与理想,死亡自开辟以来一直是最普遍、最深刻的大悲剧。我更愿去想象,当靖节先生描摹了死去无知无识,冷眼笑对众生之后,在死亡的侵袭下,生命渐渐溶解,孤独空虚汹涌而至,不免发出“千年不复朝,贤达无奈何”之喟叹。走笔至此,忽然想起列夫·托尔斯泰《战争与和平》中安德烈临死之前数日的状态。托翁说人临死前几天精神早已飞至另一个世界,与人们通常认知的世界唯一的联系不过是肉体的呼吸而已。托翁其时30几岁,不知此见解从何得来,然而大师早慧,非常人可测,容或有之,又或托翁大才,实有所据,总之以我之见,此说甚是。那么此诗前半凄索之氛围,大略可以看做陶令文学上之死亡,实是精神可控之时最后之抗争矣。此时之感觉,谅必是“幽室一已闭”而已。exam8.com

  结末六句,峰回路转,实为闻大道之胸襟之体现。上文所述,此诗至此恢复了前两首挽歌的豁达通脱。方之后世,颇有类似于辛稼轩(辛弃疾)所云: “少年不知愁滋味,为赋新词强说愁”之状况。比喻虽不伦不类,去此实难想及其余,望诸位见谅。靖节先生沉疴已久,挽歌诗前二之作,可视为十余年隐逸生活于此时之投影。作“有生必有死,早终非命促”, “一朝出门去,归来夜未央”,应视为承前。然死期迫促,人而不能无感,感而发奋,勒破红尘,方是靖节先生一生之大突破也。下分绎六句,适足以具列我感佩之情,于诗句,却无所发明,所谓凡俗与才子之区别,可见一斑。

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  127. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ModelRelationQuery.php ( 20.07 KB )
  128. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ParamsBind.php ( 3.66 KB )
  129. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ResultOperation.php ( 7.01 KB )
  130. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/WhereQuery.php ( 19.37 KB )
  131. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/JoinAndViewQuery.php ( 7.11 KB )
  132. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/TableFieldInfo.php ( 2.63 KB )
  133. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/Transaction.php ( 2.77 KB )
  134. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/driver/File.php ( 5.96 KB )
  135. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  136. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  137. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  138. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
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  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
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  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000948s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.001167s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000935s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.001939s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001004s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.001384s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001605s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001046s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001569s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001075s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000933s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001525s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.001303s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000642s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.002884s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 10369 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000950s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.001205s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000935s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 198 WHERE `id` = 10369 [ RunTime:0.002332s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000840s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001113s ]
0.153996s